Trinidad and tobago biography

Workers began to sense the possibilities inherent in the slogan Let those who labour hold the reins. The events of are well known. Other union officers, besides Comrade Weekes, were arrested and detained. Police raided the union headquarters and seized documents such as membership files, account books, grievance records on the pretext that Comrade Weekes and others were guilty of fraud.

Fire bombs were thrown at the union headquarters and printery, gunshots were fired and property damaged. But the blue shirt army stood firm. When the PG was released in Novemberhe was immediately faced with crucial industrial disputes which culminated in the critical struggles at Fed Chem and Dunlop in mid, which led to thousands of workers in other workplaces downing tools in support of their comrades.

Police continued to harass the union, raiding the union and seizing documents and illegally detaining and questioning employees. In latethe government grabbed the opportunity provided by the industrial disputes involving Badger workers to declare another state of emergency. But the real reason was that more and more workers were determined to join the OWTU and many of the reactionary union leaders were running scared and turned to the Eric Williams regime.

Union officers, including Comrade Weekes, were again detained. Again, agents of the anti-worker forces tried to destabilise the union while the President General was in prison, but again they failed. Through the early seventies, Comrade Weekes consolidated the progressive position in the union, engaged in widespread political education and solidarity work with other unions and workers.

The sugar industry was in ferment with the sugar workers, led by Basdeo Panday, a former Vanguard journalist and legal adviser to the OWTU, were seeking to have their conditions of work improved and cane farmers led by Raffique Shah, a hero of the army mutiny, were seeking the repeal of restrictive legislation and an increased price for their cane.

Through the instrumentality of Comrade Weekes, the United Labour Front was formed at Skinner Park on February 18th ; its birth attended by 40, workers, farmers and supporters. On March 18ththe "Bloody Tuesday" demonstration of oil, sugar and other workers was broken up by police on Coffee Street, San Fernando, workers were brutalised and Weekes and other leaders were again arrested.

Comrade Weekes once again demonstrated his commitment to workers' education by re-establishing and putting on a professional level an Education and Research Department. Inthe United Labour Front was transformed into a political party, fought the elections and became the official opposition on a platform of workers' power. Comrade Weekes became a Senator.

The United Labour Front did not stay together very long. By late riven by ideological differences the party effectively committed political suicide and PG was once again disappointed politically, not for the last time. The union had been growing throughout the 's, particularly among workers in the East-West Corridor and by the late 's was 21, strong.

Archived from the original on 13 September Retrieved 13 September The New Trinidad and Tobagop. London and Glasgow : Collins. Reprint ISBN Archived from the original on 26 March Retrieved 26 August Archaeology and geoinformatics : case studies from the Caribbean. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. OCLC Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 10 November Retrieved 23 November Archived from the original on 15 April Retrieved 11 March Among those killed in the governor's party was Fr.

Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, O. Conservation Biology. Bibcode : ConBi. ISSN S2CID Archived from the original on 12 March Retrieved 3 September The Governor Louis de Unzaga Pioneer in the birth of the United States and liberalism, Foundation, Malaga, pages: 21, —, —,—, Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 28 November A History of Modern Trinidad — Trinidad Express Newspapers.

Archived from the original on 20 December Retrieved 20 December Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 2 May Solving East Indian Roots in Trinidad. Freeport Junction. Enterprise, ISBN Indentured labor in the age of imperialism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Caribbean Review of Gender Studies 4. Archived PDF from the original trinidad and tobago biography 9 November Retrieved 9 November Archived from the original on 17 April The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration.

Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad — Palgrave Macmillan. De Suze —Collins, The Petroleum Association of Trinidad and Tobago, World Digital Library. Archived from the original on 11 March Retrieved 25 October Callaloo or Tossed Salad? Cornell University Press. Retrieved 12 October An introduction to the history of Trinidad and Tobago.

Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. Official Copy. Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The Muslimeen grab for power : race, religion, and revolution in Trinidad and Tobago. United National Congress. Archived from the original on 28 August Retrieved 23 August Archived from the original on 10 July Archived from the original on 27 September Retrieved 25 May Retrieved 6 April Trinidad and Tobago Newsday.

Retrieved 7 January Archived from the original on 31 March Retrieved 31 March US Department of State. Archived from the original on 4 June Retrieved 21 May Archived PDF from the original on 21 February Retrieved 13 November Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago. Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, and London, UK. Archived from the original on 16 January Retrieved 8 November Convention on Biological Diversity.

Archived from the original on 12 August Retrieved 9 August Archived PDF from the original on 24 January Living World PMC PMID Insecta Mundi. Retrieved 30 May Dale Mycological Papers. Office of Public Sector InformationLondon, Archived from the original on 20 September Retrieved 9 July Edn Retrieved 12 July Nature Communications. Bibcode : NatCo.

Department of State — Diplomacy in Action. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Archived from the original on 26 December Trinidad and Tobago Express. Archived from the original on 12 December Elections and Boundaries Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Archived PDF from the original on 15 April Retrieved 4 November United Nations Treaty Collection.

Archived from the original on 6 August Retrieved 17 November Archived from the original on 7 July Retrieved 2 August Archived from the original on 20 August S port". Saturday Express by Trinidad Express Newspapers. Archived from the original on 5 March Retrieved 5 November Archived PDF from the original on 4 March Retrieved 30 July Archived from the original on 16 June Retrieved 16 June Archived from the original on 24 April Retrieved 31 January Retrieved 10 April Retrieved 13 February Retrieved 14 September Retrieved 24 January Trinidad and Tobago Guardian.

Archived from the original on 25 September Retrieved 13 May Archived from the original on 10 February Retrieved 22 September University of the West Indies. Caribbean Educational Publishers. Archived from the original on 2 August Retrieved 24 September Archived from the original on 8 November Caribbean Quarterly. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set.

Oxford University Press, US. Retrieved 15 April Archived from the original on 9 October Global Voices. Retrieved 23 July Archived from the original on 21 December Archived from the original on 11 August Archived from the original on 8 February Fourth Edition Revised and enlarged. New York: Charles Scribner's sons,p. Archived from the original on 25 April Retrieved 18 April The Hindu presence in Trinidad and Tobago.

Retrieved 24 March Divali festival souvenir magazine Indo-Caribbean Publications. Archived from the original on 14 August Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on 15 September Retrieved 23 June In Taylor, Patrick ed. The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions. University of Illinois Press. CSO Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 30 October Retrieved 28 July Retrieved 23 October London, "Ideology and politics in English-language education in Trinidad and Tobago: The colonial experience and a postcolonial critique.

Global Innovation Index Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. Retrieved 22 October Archived from the original on 2 September Retrieved 2 September World Economic Forum. World Bank. Archived from the original on 6 January Archived from the original on 9 November Retrieved 15 November Retrieved 19 September Cambridge University Press.

Tradelinks : January Archived from the original PDF on 7 July Loop News. Retrieved 21 January Archived from the original on 10 May Paria Pub. Archived from the original on 3 May The Jamaica Gleaner, 29 April Public Transport Service Corporation on. Archived from the original on 10 April Retrieved 20 October Railway Gazette International.

World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 1 October External links [ edit ]. Wikiquote has quotations related to Christine Kangaloo. Mustapha Abdul-Hamid. Nigel de Freitas. Paula-Mae Weekes. Heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago. Elizabeth II. Current heads of state of republics. Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September Articles with dead external links from July Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from July Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Webarchive template wayback links.

Toggle the table of contents. Christine Kangaloo. Kangaloo in Assumed office 20 March [ 1 ]. Trinidad and tobago biography office 23 September — 17 January Anthony Carmona Paula-Mae Weekes. In office 8 November — 25 May Patrick Manning. In office 5 November — 8 April [ 2 ]. His squadron sailed through the Bocas and anchored off the coast of Chaguaramas.

Trinidad thus became a British crown colonywith a French-speaking population and Spanish laws. British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean. English, Scots, Irish, German and Italian families arrived. Under British rule, new estates were created and the import of slaves did increase, but this was the period of abolitionism in England and the slave trade was under attack.

In Augustseven hundred former slaves from the Americas arrived, having served for fourteen months in the second British Corps of Colonial Marines at the Royal Naval Trinidad and tobago biography, Bermuda. After rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regimentsand on the Admiralty refusing to continue responsibility for them, they finally accepted, but only with reluctance, a government offer of settlement in Trinidad.

These ex- Colonial Marines aka "Merikens" were organised by the authorities in villages according to their military companies so-called "company towns". An attempt was made to delay the full abolition of slavery in The first announcement from Whitehall in England that slaves would be totally freed by was made in In the meantime, slaves on plantations were expected to remain where they were and work as "apprentices" for the next six years.

Trinidad and Tobago demonstrated a successful use of non-violent protest and passive resistance. On 1 Augustan unarmed group of mainly elderly ex-slaves being addressed by the governor at Government House about the new laws, began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" "Not six years. No six years"drowning out the voice of the governor.

Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish apprenticeship was passed and de facto freedom was achieved. This may have been partially due to the influence of Dr. Jean Baptiste Phillipe the first coloured member of the Council, proposed a resolution to end apprenticeship and this was passed. The islands were united under a single administrative structure, which was based in Port of Spainand a single governorwho had formerly been the governor of Trinidad.

The Supreme Court in Trinidad gained authority over Tobago and had the power to appoint magistrates. The sugarcane plantations which dominated the economy of Trinidad and Tobago in the 19th century gradually gave ground to the cultivation of cacao. Trinidad and Tobago chocolate became a high-priced, much sought-after commodity. The Colonial government opened land to settlers interested in establishing cacao estates.

Trinidad and tobago biography

French Creoles white Trinidadian elites descended from the original French settlers were being marginalised economically by large English business concerns who were buying up sugar plantations, and this gave them a fresh avenue of economic development. Venezuelan farmers with experience in cacao cultivation were also encouraged to settle in Trinidad and Tobago, where they provided much of the early labour in these estates.

Many of the former cocoa-producing areas of Trinidad retain a distinctly Spanish flavour and many of the descendants of the Cocoa panyols from 'espagnol' remain in these areas including Trinidad. Inthe British Government allowed the immigration of 2, Indian workers as indentured servantsfrom Calcutta and Madras. According to Williams, this was an effort to provide "an adequate and dependable supply of labour.

Additional funds were provided for the Office of Protector of Immigrants, medical and police services. Inthe working day was fixed at 9 hours. They could buy a plot of land in exchange for return passage. Between and, Indians immigrated to Trinidad. In Trinidad there were, about trinidad and tobago biography years ago [i. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders, etc.

Many Indian immigrants who had completed their indentureship also established cocoa estates, most notable of them being Haji Gokool Meaha Kashmiri -born immigrant who went on to become one of the wealthiest men in Trinidad and Tobago. The arrival of witches' broom and black pod diseases in the s, coupled with the Great Depressiondestroyed the cacao industry in Trinidad and Tobago.

Although prices for Trinidad and Tobago cocoa beans remains high on the world markets, cocoa is no more than a marginal crop. Relations between the Indian immigrants, and both the British, and the black population were generally strained, [ 33 ] and occasionally erupted into violence such as the Hosay massacre. Also mentioned is the pioneering work of Capt.

Stollmeyer who was great-grandfather of Republic Bank's then chairman, former West Indies cricket captain, Jeffrey Stollmeyeran entrepreneur of that period who felt that a combustible fuel could not be distilled out of the asphalt from the pitch lake. The other point of view from Capt. Darwent was that a combustible fuel, refined from oil drilled from the earth would be the ideal fuel for the future.

In either, oraccording to different accounts, the American civil engineer, Walter Darwent, discovered and produced oil at Aripero. By early major drilling operations began, roads and other infrastructure were built. Annual production of oil in Trinidad and Tobago reached 47, barrels 7, m 3 by and kept rapidly increasing year by year.

Trinidad was ruled as a Crown colony with no elected representation until Although Tobago had an elected Assembly, this was dissolved prior to the union of the two islands. In the first elections to the Legislative Council were held. Seven of the thirteen members were elected, the others were nominated by the Governor. The franchise was determined by income, property and residence qualifications, and was limited to men over the age of 21 and women over the age of The elections were the first with universal adult suffrage.

Labour riots in led by T. Butler an immigrant from the neighbouring island of Grenada shook the country and led to the formation of the modern Trade Union movement. Butler was jailed from tobut was re-arrested when the United Kingdom entered World War II and jailed for the duration of the war. This party won a plurality in the general elections.

The general elections saw the emergence of the People's National Movement under the leadership of Eric Williams. The PNM, opposed by Dr. The party won every general election between and Williams became prime minister at independence, and remained in that position until his death in However, disagreement over the structure of the federation led to Jamaica 's withdrawal.

Eric Williams responded to this with his now famous calculation "One from ten leaves nought. Together with Trade Unions and other groups, this led to the birth of the Black Power movement. In a series of marches and strikes led to the declaration of a State of Emergency and the arrest of 15 Black Power leaders. In sympathy with the arrested leaders, a portion of the Trinidad and Tobago Regimentled by Raffique Shah and Rex Lassalle mutinied and took hostages at the Teteron Barracks located on the Chaguaramas Peninsula.

However, the Coast Guard remained loyal and was able to isolate the mutineers at Teteron as the only way out was along a narrow coastal road. After 5 days the mutineers surrendered. Political difficulties in the post-Black Power era culminated in the "No Vote" campaign of which resulted in the PNM winning all the seats in Parliament. Inin the face of a collapsing economy Eric Williams was prepared to resign as prime minister.

However, the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli War led to the recovery of oil prices and Williams remained in office. The high oil prices of the s and early s led to an oil boom which resulted in a large increase in trinidad and tobago biography, standards of living, and corruption. Inconstruction on the Eric Williams Plaza began. It would eventually be completed in It remained the tallest building in Trinidad and Tobago until the construction of the Nicholas Tower in Williams died in office in The PNM remained in power following the death of Dr.

Williams, but its year rule ended in when the National Alliance for Reconstruction NARa multi-ethnic coalition aimed at uniting Trinidadians of Afro-Trinidadian and Indo-Trinidadian descent, won a landslide victory by capturing 33 of 36 seats. Tobago's A. Robinsonthe political leader of the NAR, was named prime minister. The NAR began to break down when the Indian component withdrew in