Black hawk indian wikipedia

Most Potawatomis wanted to remain neutral in the conflict, but found it difficult to do so. At a council black hawk indian wikipedia Chicago on May 1,Potawatomi leaders including Billy Caldwell "passed a resolution declaring any Potawatomi who supported Black Hawk a traitor to his tribe". Without British supplies, adequate provisions, or Native allies, Black Hawk realized that his band was in serious trouble.

Thompsonand a scout or spy battalion commanded by James D. Henry[ 76 ] with judge William Thomas as their quartermaster. Atkinson had allowed Reynolds, Whiteside, and the militiamen to leave up the Rock River on April 27, while he brought up the rear with the regular soldiers, directing his least trained and disciplined men—to "move upon the Indians should they be within striking distance without waiting for my arrival".

On May 10, the militia marching up the Rock River in pursuit of the British Band reached Prophetstown about 35 miles from their starting point at the confluence. Rather than wait per Atkinson's plan, they burned White Cloud's empty village, and proceeded about 40 miles upriver to Dixon's Ferry, where they waited for Atkinson and his troops. On May 12, learning that Black Hawk's band was only twenty-five miles away, eager militiamen led by Major Isaiah Stillman left Whiteside's encampment, making another camp on a tributary of the Rock River later named Stillman Valley after him.

Seeing a small party of natives with a red flag, Major Samuel Hackelton and some men pursued without waiting for orders, and Hackelton killed a native before returning to Whiteside's camp with the news. Accounts of the battle vary. Some militiamen claimed they never saw a white flag; others believed that the flag was a ruse the Indians used to set an ambush.

To Black Hawk's surprise, his forty warriors killed twelve Illinois militiamen, and suffered only three fatalities. The Battle of Stillman's Run proved a turning point. Before the battle, Black Hawk had not committed to war. Now he determined to avenge what he saw as the treacherous killing of his warriors under a flag of truce. With hostilities now underway, and few allies to depend upon, Black Hawk sought a place of refuge for the women, children, and elderly in his band.

Accepting an offer from the Rock River Ho-Chunks, the band traveled further upriver to Lake Koshkonong in the Michigan Territory and camped in an isolated place known as the "Island". The initial raiding parties consisted primarily of Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi warriors. The Indian agent was himself killed and mutilatedalong with three other men, several days later at Kellogg's Grove.

The Ho-Chunks and Potawatomis who took part in the war were sometimes motivated by grievances not directly related to Black Hawk's objectives. In the spring ofPotawatomis living along Indian Creek were upset that a settler named William Davis had dammed the creek, preventing fish from reaching their village. Davis ignored the protests, and assaulted a Potawatomi man who tried to dismantle the dam.

On May 21, about fifty Potawatomis and three Sauks from the British Band attacked Davis's settlement, killing, scalping, and mutilating fifteen men, women, and children. News of Stillman's defeat, the Indian Creek massacre, and other smaller attacks triggered panic among the settlers. Many fled to Chicagothen a small town, which became overcrowded with hungry refugees.

The militiamen became discouraged at not being able to find the British Band. When they heard about the Indian raids, many deserted so that they could return home to defend their families. General Whiteside, disgusted with the performance of his men, cast the tie-breaking vote in favor of disbanding. About men, including Abraham Lincoln, agreed to remain in the field for twenty more days until a new militia force could be organized.

As Whiteside's brigade disbanded, Atkinson organized a new force in June that he dubbed the "Army of the Frontier". Since many men were assigned to local patrols and guard duties, Atkinson had only regulars and 2, militiamen available for campaigning. Abraham Lincoln, for example, reenlisted as a private in an independent company that was taken into federal service.

Henry Dodgea Michigan territorial militia colonel who would prove to be one of the best commanders in the war, [ ] fielded a battalion of mounted volunteers that numbered men at its blackest hawk indian wikipedia. The overall number of militiamen who took part in the war is not precisely known; the total from Illinois alone has been estimated at six to seven thousand.

In addition to organizing a new militia army, Atkinson also began to recruit Native American allies, reversing the previous American policy of trying to prevent intertribal warfare. By June 6, agent Joseph M. Street had assembled about Natives at Prairie du Chien. Hamiltona militia colonel and a son of Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton would prove to be an unfortunate choice to lead the force; historian John Hall characterized him as "pretentious and unqualified".

Some Menominee scouts remained, but most of the Natives eventually left Hamilton and fought the war on their own terms. In Juneafter hearing that Atkinson was forming a new army, Black Hawk began sending out raiding parties. Perhaps hoping to lead the Americans away from his camp at Lake Koshkonong, he targeted areas to the west.

Responding to this attack, militia Colonel Henry Dodge gathered a force of twenty-nine mounted volunteers and set out in pursuit of the attackers. On June 16, Dodge and his men cornered about eleven of the raiders at a bend in the Pecatonica River. In a brief battle, the Americans killed and scalped all of the Natives. On the same day of Dodge's victory, another skirmish took place at Kellogg's Grove in present-day Stephenson County, Illinois.

American forces had occupied Kellogg's Grove in an effort to intercept war parties raiding to the west. Snyder pursued a British Band raiding party of about thirty warriors. Three Illinois militiamen and six Native warriors died in the fighting. Stephenson encountered what was probably the same war party near Yellow Creek. The Battle of Waddams Grove became a hard-fought, hand-to-hand melee.

Three militiamen and five or six Indians were killed in the action. Back on June 6, when a civilian miner was killed by raiders near the village of Blue Mounds in the Michigan Territory, residents began to fear that the Rock River Ho-Chunks were joining the war. Two militiamen were killed in the attack, one of whom was badly mutilated.

Local settlers, warned of Black Hawk's approach, took refuge in the fort, which was defended by about 20 [ ] to 35 [ ] militiamen. The Battle of Apple River Fort lasted about forty-five minutes. The women and girls inside the fort, under the direction of Elizabeth Armstrongloaded muskets and molded bullets. In the Second Battle of Kellogg's GroveBlack Hawk's warriors drove the militiamen inside their fort and commenced a two-hour siege.

After losing nine warriors and killing five militiamen, Black Hawk broke off the siege and returned to his main camp at Lake Koshkonong. With his band running low on food, he decided to take them back across the Mississippi. At each place the vessels landed, the sick were deposited and soldiers deserted. By the time the last steamboat landed in Chicago, Scott had only about effective soldiers left.

General Atkinson, who learned in early July that Scott would be taking command, hoped to bring the war to a successful conclusion before Scott's arrival. Potawatomis and Ho-Chunks in Illinois, many of whom had sought to remain neutral in the war, decided to cooperate with the Americans. Tribal leaders knew that some of their warriors had aided the British Band, and so they hoped that a highly visible show of support for the Americans would dissuade U.

Wearing white headbands to distinguish themselves from hostile Natives, Ho-Chunks and Potawatomis served as guides for Atkinson's army. While Atkinson's men were trudging through the swamps and running low on provisions, the British Band had in fact relocated miles to the north. Henry set out in pursuit from Fort Winnebago on July After fleeing the battle scene with White Cloud and a small group of warriors, Black Hawk had moved northeast toward the headwaters of the La Crosse River.

The group camped for a few days and was eventually counseled by a group of Ho-Chunk, which included White Cloud's brother, to surrender. Though they initially resisted the pleas for surrender, the group eventually traveled to the Ho-Chunk village at La Crosse and prepared to surrender. Street at Prairie du Chien. Contents move to sidebar hide.

Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikidata item. Near present-day Victory, Wisconsin. Black Hawk War. Background [ edit ]. Prelude [ edit ]. Stillman's Run. Buffalo Grove.

Black hawk indian wikipedia

Plum River. Indian Creek. Fort Blue Mounds. Spafford Farm. Horseshoe Bend. Waddams Grove. Kellogg's Grove. Ament's Cabin. Apple River Fort. Sinsinawa Mound. Wisconsin Heights. Bad Axe. Unorganized Territory Iowa. Battle [ edit ]. First day [ edit ]. Second day [ edit ]. Context [ edit ]. Aftermath [ edit ]. Legacy [ edit ]. Notable examples of eponyms [ edit ].

See also [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. Patterson, ed. Retrieved: Dec 6, The Pierian Press. Archived from the black hawk indian wikipedia on August 22, Retrieved May 24, Brown:pp. Retrieved September 20, In William E. Whittaker ed. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN Retrieved October 26, Louis: S. Milo M. Quaife ed. Life of Black Hawk, Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak.

Chicago: Lakeside Press. Retrieved August 1, Retrieved August 6, September 26, Retrieved 20 September Retrieved July 30, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved: May 3, History Matters: The U. A History of Illinois. Chicago: Griggs and Co. Retrieved September 21, An Autobiography. Illinois: Urbana. Retrieved December 5, Columbus, OH: Isaac N.

Topeka: Historical Publishing Co. Watson ed. Cole and J. Schaffer, pp. Henry Holt. Early History" and "Davis Co. Chicago: The S. Clarke Publishing Company, ; pp. Clarke, Chicago. Davenport Public Library. Archived from the original on September 28, Retrieved March 30, New York Times. September 25, Retrieved December 4, Archived from the original on January 18, Retrieved January 2, Hamburg, Mich.

Retrieved August 27, Davenport Iowa Public Library. Archived from the original on June 19, Retrieved September 28, Retrieved October 4, University Press of Mississippi. The University of Tennessee Press. Pelican Publishing. Archived from the original on September 20, Retrieved February 14, The other two chiefs were recognized by bands after they demonstrated their ability or spiritual power.

This traditional manner of selecting historic clan chiefs and governance was replaced in the 19th century by the United States appointing leaders through their agents at the Sac and Fox Agency, or reservation in Indian Territory now Oklahoma. In the 20th century, the tribe adopted a constitutional government patterned after the United States form.

They elect their chiefs. Today, the federally recognized Sac and Fox tribes include:. They had been banished from their tribe for murder. According to Anishinaabe oral tradition, these five Sac were killed by local Dakota in the late 18th century. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version.

In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item. Indigenous people from the Northeastern Woodlands, U. For other uses, see SACS disambiguation. Ethnic group. Massika, a Sauk Indian, left, with Wakusasse Meskwaki at right. Aquatint of painting by Karl Bodmermade at St. Name [ edit ]. History [ edit ]. Precontact to 17th century [ edit ].

Oklahoma history [ edit ]. Treaties with U. Clan system [ edit ]. Federally recognized tribes [ edit ]. Language [ edit ]. Main article: Sauk language. Geographical names [ edit ]. Notable people [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 15,